Updates on phytoplasma diseases associated with fodder crops in Asia

This chapter provides an overview of phytoplasma diseases affecting alfalfa, maize, sorghum, millet, and clover known as fodder crops, and some important grasses. Alfalfa witches' broom is known as the most destructive phytoplasma disease of fodders in Asia. The geographical distribution, symptoms, alternative hosts, associated phytoplasma taxa, and incidence are also discussed. The insect vectors involved in the transmission of some of the phytoplasma strains associated with fodder crops and grasses are presented. Phytoplasma groups of 16SrI, 16SrII, 16SrV, 16SrVI, 16SrVIII, 16SrXI, 16SrXII, and 16SrXIV have been reported to be associated with fodder crops and grasses in Asia. Moreover, leafhoppers including Orosius albicinctus, Empoasca decipiens, and Neoaliturus haematoceps are known as vectors of several of these phytoplasmas in these plants.