TY - JOUR
T1 - Treatment of acidic palm oil for fatty acid methyl esters production
AU - Hayyan, Adeeb
AU - Mjalli, Farouq S.
AU - Mirghani, Mohamed E.S.
AU - Hashim, Mohd Ali
AU - Hayyan, Maan
AU - Alnashef, Inas M.
AU - Al-Zahrani, Saeed M.
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements. The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the work through group project No. RGP-VPP-108. In addition, the authors express their profound thanks to the Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL) University of Malaya to the Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, Sultan Qa-boos University, and to the International Islamic University Malaysia for their support for this research.
PY - 2012/1
Y1 - 2012/1
N2 - Acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) produced from palm oil mills with an acid value of 18 mg g-1 was considered to be a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. Due to its high acidity, conventional transesterification cannot be applied directly for biodiesel production. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) is used to reduce the acidity prior to the alkaline transesterification reaction. The laboratory-scale experiments involved an MSA to ACPO dosage of 0.25-3.5 %, a molar ratio (methanol to ACPO) from 4: 1 to 20: 1, reaction temperature of 40-80°C, reaction time of 3-150 min, and stirrer speed of 100-500 min-1. The optimum esterification reaction conditions were 1 % of catalyst to ACPO, with a molar ratio of methanol to ACPO of 8: 1, a stirring speed of 300 min-1, for 30 min and at 60°C. Under these conditions, the FFA content was reduced from 18 mg g-1 to less than 1 mg g-1 and with a yield of 96 %. The biodiesel produced met the EN14214 standard specifications. MSA was recycled for three times without losing its activity. The biodiesel produced in a two-stage process has a low acid value (0.14 mg g-1).
AB - Acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) produced from palm oil mills with an acid value of 18 mg g-1 was considered to be a possible feedstock for biodiesel production. Due to its high acidity, conventional transesterification cannot be applied directly for biodiesel production. Methane sulphonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) is used to reduce the acidity prior to the alkaline transesterification reaction. The laboratory-scale experiments involved an MSA to ACPO dosage of 0.25-3.5 %, a molar ratio (methanol to ACPO) from 4: 1 to 20: 1, reaction temperature of 40-80°C, reaction time of 3-150 min, and stirrer speed of 100-500 min-1. The optimum esterification reaction conditions were 1 % of catalyst to ACPO, with a molar ratio of methanol to ACPO of 8: 1, a stirring speed of 300 min-1, for 30 min and at 60°C. Under these conditions, the FFA content was reduced from 18 mg g-1 to less than 1 mg g-1 and with a yield of 96 %. The biodiesel produced met the EN14214 standard specifications. MSA was recycled for three times without losing its activity. The biodiesel produced in a two-stage process has a low acid value (0.14 mg g-1).
KW - acid value
KW - acidic crude palm oil
KW - biodiesel
KW - esterification
KW - methane sulphonic acid
KW - transesterification
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U2 - 10.2478/s11696-011-0102-6
DO - 10.2478/s11696-011-0102-6
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:83555174952
SN - 0366-6352
VL - 66
SP - 39
EP - 46
JO - Chemical Papers
JF - Chemical Papers
IS - 1
ER -