@article{65646f0e55bc4307bb225b099948bd67,
title = "Short and long-term immune changes in different severity groups of COVID-19 disease",
abstract = "Background: There are limited data on short- versus long-term changes in adaptive immune response across different COVID-19 disease severity groups. Methods: A multicenter prospective study of 140 adult patients with COVID-19 (a total of 325 samples) were analyzed for inflammatory markers and lymphocyte subsets at presentation, week 2, and week 24. Results: Inflammatory markers at presentation were higher in the critical/severe than in moderate and mild groups. A predominance of memory B cell response in the mild and moderate group was noted by week 2. In contrast, the immune system in the severe/critical group was dysfunctional, with expansion of exhausted CD8+ T cells and atypical memory B cells. By 24 weeks, there was a possible trend of normalization. Conclusion: There was substantial difference in the degree of inflammation and distribution of different B and T cell subsets in the different disease severity groups. Despite the initial dysfunctional immune response in the severe/critical group, a comparable memory B and CD8+ T cell responses to the mild group was achieved at 24 weeks.",
keywords = "Adaptive immunity, COVID-19, Cellular immune response, Immunology, T cells",
author = "Maamari, {Khuloud Al} and Busaidi, {Ibrahim Al} and Kindi, {Mahmood Al} and Fahad Zadjali and Fatma BaAlawi and Wijesinghe Anesta and Amri, {Kawthar Al} and Wafa Albalushi and Balushi, {Hamed Al} and Amri, {Ayman Al} and Mahmood Aljufaili and Mujahid Al-Busaidi and Muharrmi, {Zakariya Al} and Abdullah Balkhair and Riyami, {Nafila Al} and Zahraa Ghanim and Jalila Alshekaili",
note = "Funding Information: The study was funded by The Ministry of Higher Education and Research and Innovation in Oman (RC/COVID-MED/MICR/20/01). Funding Information: The authors have no competing interests to declare. The study was funded by The Ministry of Higher Education and Research and Innovation in Oman (RC/COVID-MED/MICR/20/01). Ethical approval was obtained through the institutional research committees (MREC #212 and AFMS-MREC 010/2020). This study was funded by The Research Council. The authors would like to express their great appreciation to the hospital administration at SQUH, AFH, and the Medical Research Centre at SQU for their full support to facilitate conduction of this study. The authors are particularly grateful for the great assistance of our research assistants: Dalia Abbas, Shiji Sajimon, Nadia Thomas, Dyna Cardiel, and Zaid AlHaji. We thank all the clinical and laboratory staff of the COVID-19 team and participants for their assistance. Funding Information: This study was funded by The Research Council. The authors would like to express their great appreciation to the hospital administration at SQUH, AFH, and the Medical Research Centre at SQU for their full support to facilitate conduction of this study. The authors are particularly grateful for the great assistance of our research assistants: Dalia Abbas, Shiji Sajimon, Nadia Thomas, Dyna Cardiel, and Zaid AlHaji. We thank all the clinical and laboratory staff of the COVID-19 team and participants for their assistance. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Author(s)",
year = "2022",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.026",
language = "English",
volume = "122",
pages = "776--784",
journal = "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
issn = "1201-9712",
publisher = "Elsevier",
}