Recent advancements in perovskite electrocatalysts for clean energy-related applications: Hydrogen production, oxygen electrocatalysis, and nitrogen reduction

The merits of adjustable structure and composition and wide source of raw materials have convinced researchers to become more and more obsessed with the discussion of perovskite oxide materials and materials with perovskite structure in recent years. Perovskite type materials with excellent performance and well structural composition are expected to replace Pt/C, IrO₂ and RuO₂, which are considered to be the most advanced active, valuable and cost-effective catalyst materials in the future. Therefore, finding catalysts with relatively higher economic and catalytic efficiency have always been the ideal goal of research for hydrogen production and O₂/N₂ reduction. A large number of scholars have made significant efforts in developing various catalysts that remarkably enhance the catalytic activities of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). This review aims to summarize some significant achievements in obtaining high-performance perovskite in the main related electro-catalysis field in recent years and provide a reference for the subsequent development of perovskite. This paper introduces the detailed methodology of the preparation of perovskite and discusses the design strategy of perovskite performance enhancement as important entry points to optimize the activity of perovskite. The paper comprehensively reviews the preparation methods of various perovskite with various examples, and also compares their advantages and disadvantages. To improve perovskite performance, most of the existing design strategies are introduced and integrated and novel design schemes are also displayed. The paper finally suggests the improvement potential in perovskite activity, aiming to create better design schemes of new perovskite in the future.