@article{d0b29816dde2482c8fc84a58ba8bdd02,
title = "Maternal post-natal tobacco use and current parental tobacco use is associated with higher body mass index in children and adolescents: An international crosssectional study",
abstract = "Background: We investigated whether maternal smoking in the first year of life or any current parental smoking is associated with childhood or adolescent body mass index (BMI). Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed questionnaires about their children's current height and weight, whether their mother smoked in the first year of the child's life and current smoking habits of both parents. Adolescents aged 13-14 years completed questionnaires about their height, weight and current parental smoking habits. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and parental smoking. Results: 77,192 children (18 countries) and 194 727 adolescents (35 countries) were included. The BMI of children exposed to maternal smoking during their first year of life was 0.11 kg/m2 greater than those who were not (P = 0.0033). The BMI of children of currently smoking parents was greater than those with non-smoking parents (maternal smoking: +0.08 kg/m2 (P = 0.0131), paternal smoking: +0.10 kg/m2 (P < 0.0001)). The BMI of female adolescents exposed to maternal or paternal smoking was 0.23 kg/m2 and 0.09 kg/m2 greater respectively than those who were not exposed (P < 0.0001). The BMI of male adolescents was greater with maternal smoking exposure, but not paternal smoking (0.19 kg/m2, P < 0.0001 and 0.03 kg/m2, P = 0.14 respectively). Conclusion: Parental smoking is associated with higher BMI values in children and adolescents. Whether this is due to a direct effect of parental smoking or to confounding cannot be established from this observational study.",
keywords = "Adolescent, BMI, Body mass index, Child, International, Obesity, Overweight, Parental smoking, Smoking, Tobacco use",
author = "{the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group} and Irene Braithwaite and Stewart, {Alistair W.} and Hancox, {Robert J.} and Richard Beasley and Rinki Murphy and Mitchell, {Edwin A.} and Baena-Cagnani, {C. E.} and M. G{\'o}mez and J. Weyler and R. Pinto-Vargas and D. Sol{\'e} and Cunha, {A. J.L.A.} and {de Freitas Souza}, L. and M. Sears and A. Ferguson and V. Aguirre and P. Aguilar and Benavides, {L. A.V.} and A. Contreras and Chen, {Y. Z.} and O. Kunii and {Li Pan}, Q. and Zhong, {N. S.} and G. Wong and Cepeda, {A. M.} and Koffi, {B. N.} and C. Bustos and Riikj{\"a}rv, {M. A.} and L. Waqatakirewa and R. Sa'aga-Banuve and J. Pekkanen and E. Vlaski and G. Zsigmond and J. Shah and Mantri, {S. N.} and Sharma, {S. K.} and K. Baratawidjaja and Kartasasmita, {C. B.} and P. Konthen and W. Suprihati and Masjedi, {M. R.} and S. Nishima and H. Odajima and J. Kudzyte and M. Baeza-Bacab and M. Barrag{\'a}n-Meijueiro and Del-R{\'i}o-Navarro, {B. E.} and Linares-Zapi{\'e}n, {F. J.} and N. Ram{\'i}rez-Chanona and O. Al-Rawas",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by Cure Kids New Zealand through a grant to Professor E Mitchell and Dr I Braithwaite. Cure Kids New Zealand had no role or influence in design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. ISAAC Phase Three: We are grateful to the children and parents who participated in the ISAAC Phase Three Study. We are also grateful to the ISAAC Steering Committee, the ISAAC International Data Centre and ISAAC Phase Three Principal Investigators and Regional and National coordinators as listed below. ISAAC Steering Committee:N A{\"i}t-Khaled* (International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Paris, France); HR Anderson (Division of Community Health Sciences, St Georges, University of London, London, UK); MI Asher (Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand); R Beasley* (Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand); B Bj{\"o}rkst{\'e}n* (Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden); B Brunekreef (Institute of Risk Assessment Science, Universiteit Utrecht, Netherlands); J Crane (Wellington Asthma Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand); P Ellwood (Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand); C Flohr (Department of Paediatric Allergy and Dermatology, St Johns Institute of dermatology, St Thomas{\textquoteright} Hospital, London, UK); S Foliaki* (Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand); F Forastiere (Department of Epidemiology, Local Health authority Rome, Italy); L Garc{\'i}a-Marcos (Respiratory Medicine and Allergy Units, {\textquoteleft}Virgen de la Arrixaca{\textquoteright} University Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital, University of Murcia, Spain); U Keil* (Institut f{\"u}r Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nster, Germany); CKW Lai* (Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR China); J Mallol* (Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Santiago de Chile, Chile); EA Mitchell (Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand); S Montefort* (Department of Medicine, University of Malta, Malta), J Odhiambo† (Centre Respiratory Diseases Research Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya); N Pearce (Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK); CF Robertson (Murdoch Children{\textquoteright}s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia); AW Stewart (Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand); D Strachan (Division of Community Health Sciences, St Georges, University of London, London, UK); E von Mutius (Dr von Haunerschen Kinderklinik de Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen, Germany); SK Weiland† (Institute of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Germany); G Weinmayr (Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Germany); H Williams (Centre for Evidence Based Dermatology, Queen{\textquoteright}s Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK); G Wong (Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China). * Regional Coordinators; †Deceased ISAAC International Data Centre: MI Asher, TO Clayton, E Ellwood, P Ellwood, EA Mitchell, Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, and AW Stewart, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. ISAAC Phase Three Study Group ISAAC Principal Investigators: Argentina: CE Baena-Cagnani* (C{\'o}rdoba), M G{\'o}mez (Salta); Belgium: J Weyler (Antwerp); Bolivia: R Pinto-Vargas* (Santa Cruz); Brazil: D Sol{\'e}*, AJLA Cunha (Nova Igua{\c c}u), L de Freitas Souza (Vit{\'o}ria da Conquista); Canada: M Sears*, A Ferguson (Vancouver); Chile: V Aguirre*, P Aguilar (South Santiago), LAV Benavides (Calama), A Contreras (Chiloe); China: Y-Z Chen* (Beijing, Tong Zhou), O Kunii (Tibet), Q Li Pan (Wulumuqi), N-S Zhong (Guangzhou); G Wong (Hong Kong 13-14 years); Colombia: AM Cepeda (Barranquilla); Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire: BN Koffi* (Urban Cote d{\textquoteright}Ivoire); Ecuador: C Bustos (Guayaquil); Estonia: M-A Riikj{\"a}rv* (Tallinn); Fiji: L Waqatakirewa*, R Sa{\textquoteright}aga-Banuve (Suva); Finland: J Pekkanen* (Kuopio County); Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM): E Vlaski* (Skopje); Hungary: G Zsigmond* (Sv{\'a}bhegy); India: J Shah*, SN Mantri (Mumbai (29)), SK Sharma (New Delhi (7)); Indonesia: K Baratawidjaja*, CB Kartasasmita (Bandung), P Konthen (Bali), W Suprihati (Semarang); Iran: M-R Masjedi† (Birjand, Rasht); Japan: S Nishima*, H Odajima (Fukuoka); Lithuania: J Kudzyte* (Kaunas); Mexico: M Baeza-Bacab*, M Barrag{\'a}n-Meijueiro (Ciudad de M{\'e}xico (3)), BE Del-R{\'i}o-Navarro (Ciudad de M{\'e}xico (1)), FJ Linares-Zapi{\'e}n (Toluca), N Ram{\'i}rez-Chanona (Ciudad de M{\'e}xico (4)), S Romero-Tapia (Villahermosa); Morocco: Z Bouayad* (Boulmene, Casablanca, Marrakech); New Zealand: MI Asher*, R MacKay (Nelson), C Moyes (Bay of Plenty), P Pattemore (Christchurch); Nigeria: BO Onadeko (Ibadan); Peru: P Chiarella* (Lima); Poland: A Br{\^e}borowicz (Poznan), G Lis* (Krak{\'o}w); Portugal: R C{\^a}mara (Funchal), JM Lopes dos Santos (Porto), C Nunes (Portimao), JE Rosado Pinto* (Lisbon); Singapore: B-W Lee*, DYT Goh (Singapore); South Africa: HJ Zar* (Cape Town); South Korea: H-B Lee* (Provincial Korea, Seoul); Spain: A Blanco-Quir{\'o}s (Valladolid), RM Busquets (Barcelona), I Carvajal-Urue{\~n}a (Asturias), G Garc{\'i}a-Hern{\'a}ndez (Madrid), L Garc{\'i}a-Marcos* (Cartagena), C Gonz{\'a}lez D{\'i}az (Bilbao), A L{\'o}pez-Silvarrey Varela (A Coru{\~n}a), MM Morales-Su{\'a}rez-Varela (Valencia), EG P{\'e}rez-Yarza (San Sebasti{\'a}n); Sultanate of Oman: O Al-Rawas* (Al-Khod); Syrian Arab Republic: S Mohammad* (Tartous), Y Mohammad (Lattakia), K Tabbah (Aleppo); Taiwan: J-L Huang* (Taipei), C-C Kao (Taoyuan); Thailand: M Trakultivakorn (Chiang Mai), P Vichyanond (Bangkok); USA: HH Windom (Sarasota); Uruguay: D Holgado* (Montevideo), MC Lapides (Paysand{\'u}). * National Coordinator Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Braithwaite et al.",
year = "2015",
month = dec,
day = "24",
doi = "10.1186/s12887-015-0538-x",
language = "English",
volume = "15",
journal = "BMC Pediatrics",
issn = "1471-2431",
publisher = "BioMed Central",
number = "1",
}