TY - JOUR
T1 - Disaster Risk Management, Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines, and Sanitation Challenges in South Africa
AU - Madikizela, Phindile
AU - Hoossein, Shafick
AU - Laubscher, Richardk
AU - Whittington-Jones, Kevin
AU - Ahmed, Mushtaque
AU - Mutingwende, Nhamo
AU - Ristvej, Jozef
AU - Tandlich, Roman
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by the Water Research Commission of South Africa (Grant Number K5/2306). At the same time, the Sultan Qaboos University for funding the study in part (Grant number IG/DVC/CESAR/12/01). The study was initiated in 2013, but the lack of funding resulted in the delay in completing the study until April 2019. The final stage of the study was partially funded by the Rhodes University Sandisa Imbewu Fund which had been awarded to the corresponding author in 2019. University of Žilina, Slovakia is acknowledged for the provision of an ERASMUS+ stay for the corresponding author to work on the developing and adopting the Ri concepts to sanitation in South Africa and beyond. There reason was the weak experimental case for the fly ash as a VIP pit additive. Additional funding was then provided to conduct experiments and the write up of the manuscript by Rhodes University and Technical University of Liberec. As a result, no formal endorsements should be in-ferred by readers, of the current article or any of its parts, by any of the academic/funding institu-tions mentioned or any other stakeholders besides the authors themselves.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/6/1
Y1 - 2022/6/1
N2 - The current paper provides a review and meta-analysis of the practical implications of disaster risk management related to the ventilated improved latrines in South Africa. This technology is evaluated through its legacy and novel challenges of disaster risk reduction. In the current article, the methodology adopted was a literature review and meta-analyses. The results indicate that the in-situ treatment and breakdown of faecal sludge in the ventilated improved pit latrines is not always taking place and that anaerobic digestion might not always be feasible. New strategies are proposed to manage the sanitation-related risks in South Africa by specifying more exact dimensions for the newly built ventilated improved pit latrines by suggesting the use of novel sanitation additives such as fly ash to enhance on-site and in situ treatment, as well as ex situ treatment of the pit latrine faecal sludge. Regular maintenance can lead to prevention of the dysfunctional character of the ventilated improved pit latrines as a functional sanitation technology and a userfriendly hygiene barrier to the spread of sanitation/WASH-related epidemics or infectious diseases. The implementation of the novel strategies should be enhanced by the application of the (Environmental) Technology Assessment in sanitation service delivery in South Africa.
AB - The current paper provides a review and meta-analysis of the practical implications of disaster risk management related to the ventilated improved latrines in South Africa. This technology is evaluated through its legacy and novel challenges of disaster risk reduction. In the current article, the methodology adopted was a literature review and meta-analyses. The results indicate that the in-situ treatment and breakdown of faecal sludge in the ventilated improved pit latrines is not always taking place and that anaerobic digestion might not always be feasible. New strategies are proposed to manage the sanitation-related risks in South Africa by specifying more exact dimensions for the newly built ventilated improved pit latrines by suggesting the use of novel sanitation additives such as fly ash to enhance on-site and in situ treatment, as well as ex situ treatment of the pit latrine faecal sludge. Regular maintenance can lead to prevention of the dysfunctional character of the ventilated improved pit latrines as a functional sanitation technology and a userfriendly hygiene barrier to the spread of sanitation/WASH-related epidemics or infectious diseases. The implementation of the novel strategies should be enhanced by the application of the (Environmental) Technology Assessment in sanitation service delivery in South Africa.
KW - Faecal sludge
KW - Health-related impacts of disasters
KW - Mechanisms of stabilisation
KW - Pit latrines
KW - Risk equation
KW - WASH
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U2 - 10.3390/su14116934
DO - 10.3390/su14116934
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85134606811
SN - 2071-1050
VL - 14
JO - Sustainability (Switzerland)
JF - Sustainability (Switzerland)
IS - 11
M1 - 6934
ER -