TY - JOUR
T1 - Development of a Cadaveric Shoulder Motion Simulator with Open-Loop Iterative Learning for Dynamic, Multiplanar Motion
T2 - A Preliminary Study
AU - Axford, David Timothy
AU - Potra, Robert
AU - Appleyard, Richard
AU - Tomka, Janos
AU - Arenas-Miquelez, Antonio
AU - Bokor, Desmond
AU - Ferreira, Louis
AU - Raniga, Sumit
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/7
Y1 - 2023/7
N2 - Ex vivo shoulder motion simulators are commonly used to study shoulder biomechanics but are often limited to performing simple planar motions at quasi-static speeds using control architectures that do not allow muscles to be deactivated. The purpose of this study was to develop an open-loop tendon excursion controller with iterative learning and independent muscle control to simulate complex multiplanar motion at functional speeds and allow for muscle deactivation. The simulator performed abduction/adduction, faceted circumduction, and abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) using a cadaveric shoulder with an implanted reverse total shoulder prosthesis. Kinematic tracking accuracy and repeatability were assessed using maximum absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and average standard deviation (ASD). During abduction/adduction and faceted circumduction, the RMSE did not exceed 0.3, 0.7, and 0.8 degrees for elevation, plane of elevation, and axial rotation, respectively. During abduction/adduction, the ASD did not exceed 0.2 degrees. Abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) resulted in a loss of internal rotation, which could not be restored at low elevation angles. This study presents a novel control architecture, which can accurately simulate complex glenohumeral motion. This simulator will be used as a testing platform to examine the effect of shoulder pathology, treatment, and rehabilitation on joint biomechanics during functional shoulder movements.
AB - Ex vivo shoulder motion simulators are commonly used to study shoulder biomechanics but are often limited to performing simple planar motions at quasi-static speeds using control architectures that do not allow muscles to be deactivated. The purpose of this study was to develop an open-loop tendon excursion controller with iterative learning and independent muscle control to simulate complex multiplanar motion at functional speeds and allow for muscle deactivation. The simulator performed abduction/adduction, faceted circumduction, and abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) using a cadaveric shoulder with an implanted reverse total shoulder prosthesis. Kinematic tracking accuracy and repeatability were assessed using maximum absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and average standard deviation (ASD). During abduction/adduction and faceted circumduction, the RMSE did not exceed 0.3, 0.7, and 0.8 degrees for elevation, plane of elevation, and axial rotation, respectively. During abduction/adduction, the ASD did not exceed 0.2 degrees. Abduction/adduction (subscapularis deactivation) resulted in a loss of internal rotation, which could not be restored at low elevation angles. This study presents a novel control architecture, which can accurately simulate complex glenohumeral motion. This simulator will be used as a testing platform to examine the effect of shoulder pathology, treatment, and rehabilitation on joint biomechanics during functional shoulder movements.
KW - active motion simulation
KW - biomechanics
KW - ex vivo
KW - in vitro
KW - reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
KW - shoulder
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U2 - 10.3390/jcm12144596
DO - 10.3390/jcm12144596
M3 - Article
C2 - 37510711
AN - SCOPUS:85166341143
SN - 2077-0383
VL - 12
JO - Journal of Clinical Medicine
JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine
IS - 14
M1 - 4596
ER -