TY - JOUR
T1 - Circular economy approach of enhanced bifunctional catalytic system of CaO/CeO2 for biodiesel production from waste loquat seed oil with life cycle assessment study
AU - Al-Muhtaseb, Ala'a H.
AU - Osman, Ahmed I.
AU - Murphin Kumar, Paskalis Sahaya
AU - Jamil, Farrukh
AU - Al-Haj, Lamya
AU - Al Nabhani, Abdulrahman
AU - Kyaw, Htet Htet
AU - Myint, Myo Tay Zar
AU - Mehta, Neha
AU - Rooney, David W.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) for their generous financial support under grant number CR/SCI/BIOL/18/01. AO and DR would like to acknowledge the support given by of The Bryden Centre project (Project ID VA5048) which was awarded by The European Union’s INTERREG VA Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB), with match funding provided by the Department for the Economy in Northern Ireland and the Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation in the Republic of Ireland. Dr Ahmed Osman and Prof. David Rooney would like to acknowledge the support given by the EPSRC project “Advancing Creative Circular Economies for Plastics via Technological-Social Transitions” (ACCEPT Transitions, EP/S025545/1). The authors would like to thank Charlie Farrell, who assisted in the proof-reading of the manuscript.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) for their generous financial support under grant number CR/SCI/BIOL/18/01. AO and DR would like to acknowledge the support given by of The Bryden Centre project (Project ID VA5048) which was awarded by The European Union's INTERREG VA Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB), with match funding provided by the Department for the Economy in Northern Ireland and the Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation in the Republic of Ireland. Dr Ahmed Osman and Prof. David Rooney would like to acknowledge the support given by the EPSRC project ?Advancing Creative Circular Economies for Plastics via Technological-Social Transitions? (ACCEPT Transitions, EP/S025545/1). The authors would like to thank Charlie Farrell, who assisted in the proof-reading of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/5/15
Y1 - 2021/5/15
N2 - Herein, we utilised Loquat seed oil as a waste resource to produce biodiesel over a novel bifunctional catalyst system based on CaO loaded on a ceria oxide support. The catalysts were characterised using XRD, SEM-EDX, SBET STEM, and TPD analyses, followed by parametric analysis to optimise the catalyst performance. The XPS analysis showed a strong synergistic effect between CaO and CeO2 support. The parametric study revealed that the most active catalyst (15 wt% CaO-CeO2) showed optimum biodiesel yield was 90.14 (±0.1) wt% at a temperature of 70 °C, methanol: oil of 9, time of 90 min and 4 wt% of catalyst. The reusability test showed that when the most active catalyst was calcined and reused, the biodiesel yield was almost the same ±0.5%; however, when biodiesel production was used without calcination, the biodiesel yield was reduced by 15%. The quality of the produced biodiesel was investigated by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Union (EU) Standards. It showed that it satisfied all standards and could be used as potential alternative fuel instead of fossil diesel from novel Loquat seed oil. The Life cycle Assessment (LCA) was condcuted to assess environmental feasibility of the process with 1000 kg of biodiesel as 1 functional unit (FU). The LCA using midpoint indicators (from CML-IA baseline V3.06 method) showed the cumulative abiotic depletion of fossil resources over the entire process of biodiesel production was 26349 MJ, global warming potential was 1129 kg CO2 eq, and human health toxicity was 422 kg 1,4-DB eq (kg 1,4 dichlorobenzene equivalent) per FU. The highest damage in most environmental categories was observed during catalyst preparation and regeneration. This was confirmed in endpoint LCA findings (ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (E) V1.04), where catalyst preparation contributed to human health (119.2 Point (Pt)), ecosystems damage (9.3 Pt) and resources depletion (0.5 Pt). Furthermore, the net energy ratio was 2.23 for the biodiesel production process (computed as output energy/input energy) by considering allocation of output energy due to biodiesel and glycerol.
AB - Herein, we utilised Loquat seed oil as a waste resource to produce biodiesel over a novel bifunctional catalyst system based on CaO loaded on a ceria oxide support. The catalysts were characterised using XRD, SEM-EDX, SBET STEM, and TPD analyses, followed by parametric analysis to optimise the catalyst performance. The XPS analysis showed a strong synergistic effect between CaO and CeO2 support. The parametric study revealed that the most active catalyst (15 wt% CaO-CeO2) showed optimum biodiesel yield was 90.14 (±0.1) wt% at a temperature of 70 °C, methanol: oil of 9, time of 90 min and 4 wt% of catalyst. The reusability test showed that when the most active catalyst was calcined and reused, the biodiesel yield was almost the same ±0.5%; however, when biodiesel production was used without calcination, the biodiesel yield was reduced by 15%. The quality of the produced biodiesel was investigated by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Union (EU) Standards. It showed that it satisfied all standards and could be used as potential alternative fuel instead of fossil diesel from novel Loquat seed oil. The Life cycle Assessment (LCA) was condcuted to assess environmental feasibility of the process with 1000 kg of biodiesel as 1 functional unit (FU). The LCA using midpoint indicators (from CML-IA baseline V3.06 method) showed the cumulative abiotic depletion of fossil resources over the entire process of biodiesel production was 26349 MJ, global warming potential was 1129 kg CO2 eq, and human health toxicity was 422 kg 1,4-DB eq (kg 1,4 dichlorobenzene equivalent) per FU. The highest damage in most environmental categories was observed during catalyst preparation and regeneration. This was confirmed in endpoint LCA findings (ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (E) V1.04), where catalyst preparation contributed to human health (119.2 Point (Pt)), ecosystems damage (9.3 Pt) and resources depletion (0.5 Pt). Furthermore, the net energy ratio was 2.23 for the biodiesel production process (computed as output energy/input energy) by considering allocation of output energy due to biodiesel and glycerol.
KW - Bifunctional catalyst
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Circular economy
KW - Life cycle assessment
KW - Waste loquat seed
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U2 - 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114040
DO - 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114040
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85103550631
SN - 0196-8904
VL - 236
JO - Energy Conversion and Management
JF - Energy Conversion and Management
M1 - 114040
ER -