A marked seasonality of malaria transmsission in two rural sites in eastern Sudan

Amel A. Hamad; Abd El Hamid D. Nugud; David E. Arnot; Haider A. Giha; Abdel Muhsin A. Abdel-Muhsin; Gwiria M.H. Satti; Thor G. Theander; Alison M. Creasey; Hamza A. Babiker; Dia Eldin A. Elnaiem

doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00059-1

A marked seasonality of malaria transmsission in two rural sites in eastern Sudan

Amel A. Hamad, Abd El Hamid D. Nugud, David E. Arnot, Haider A. Giha, Abdel Muhsin A. Abdel-Muhsin, Gwiria M.H. Satti, Thor G. Theander, Alison M. Creasey, Hamza A. Babiker, Dia Eldin A. Elnaiem^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

62 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The ecology of Anopheles arabiensis and its relationship to malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in eastern Sudan. Seasonal malaria case incidence was compared with the number of vectors detected and with climatic variables. Following the end of the short rainy season in October the number of A. arabiensis detected dropped gradually until February when neither outdoor human bait trapping nor indoor spray catches revealed any mosquitoes. Vectors re-appeared in June as humidity rose with the onset of rain. Despite the apparent absence of the vector at the height of the long, hot dry season between February and May, sporadic asymptomatic malaria infections were detected in the two villages. The low endemicity of malaria in the area was reflected by the relatively low total September-December parasite and sporozoite rates (15 and 1.4%, respectively) measured in the villages. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated to be around two to three infective bites per person per year, although heterogeneity in the transmission indices of malaria between the two villages was observed. The implications of these patterns of anopheline population dynamics for the epidemiology and control of malaria in eastern Sudan are considered.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	71-82
Number of pages	12
Journal	Acta Tropica
Volume	83
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00059-1
Publication status	Published - 2002
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

Anopheles arabiensis
Dry season
Entomologic inoculation rate
Plasmodium falciparum
Sporozoite rate
Unstable malaria

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Parasitology
veterinary (miscalleneous)
Insect Science
Infectious Diseases

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00059-1

Cite this

@article{0f3c9fe341464695a7228bb22c24efee,

title = "A marked seasonality of malaria transmsission in two rural sites in eastern Sudan",

abstract = "The ecology of Anopheles arabiensis and its relationship to malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in eastern Sudan. Seasonal malaria case incidence was compared with the number of vectors detected and with climatic variables. Following the end of the short rainy season in October the number of A. arabiensis detected dropped gradually until February when neither outdoor human bait trapping nor indoor spray catches revealed any mosquitoes. Vectors re-appeared in June as humidity rose with the onset of rain. Despite the apparent absence of the vector at the height of the long, hot dry season between February and May, sporadic asymptomatic malaria infections were detected in the two villages. The low endemicity of malaria in the area was reflected by the relatively low total September-December parasite and sporozoite rates (15 and 1.4%, respectively) measured in the villages. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated to be around two to three infective bites per person per year, although heterogeneity in the transmission indices of malaria between the two villages was observed. The implications of these patterns of anopheline population dynamics for the epidemiology and control of malaria in eastern Sudan are considered.",

keywords = "Anopheles arabiensis, Dry season, Entomologic inoculation rate, Plasmodium falciparum, Sporozoite rate, Unstable malaria",

author = "Hamad, {Amel A.} and Nugud, {Abd El Hamid D.} and Arnot, {David E.} and Giha, {Haider A.} and Abdel-Muhsin, {Abdel Muhsin A.} and Satti, {Gwiria M.H.} and Theander, {Thor G.} and Creasey, {Alison M.} and Babiker, {Hamza A.} and Elnaiem, {Dia Eldin A.}",

note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to the villagers of Asar and Daraweesh for their sustained co-operation and generous hospitality during over a decade of fieldwork. We would like to thank the field assistants at Gedaref malaria research station for their support. We are also grateful to the co-operation of the Malaria Administration and the Ministry of Health, Sudan. This paper is dedicated to the late Mr. Sheikh El-Din Mohamed Abd El-Gabir. A deep gratitue is due to him for his keen and meticulous contribution to the entomological work. We thank Professor David Walliker and Dr Ibrahim El Hassan for their help and support. This work was supported by the University of Khartoum, the Sudanese Ministry of Health, European Union, the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA (Grant No. 104 Dan. 8/357) and the Wellcome Trust (Grant No. 36758/Z/92/Z).",

year = "2002",

doi = "10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00059-1",

language = "English",

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T1 - A marked seasonality of malaria transmsission in two rural sites in eastern Sudan

AU - Hamad, Amel A.

AU - Nugud, Abd El Hamid D.

AU - Arnot, David E.

AU - Giha, Haider A.

AU - Abdel-Muhsin, Abdel Muhsin A.

AU - Satti, Gwiria M.H.

AU - Theander, Thor G.

AU - Creasey, Alison M.

AU - Babiker, Hamza A.

AU - Elnaiem, Dia Eldin A.

N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful to the villagers of Asar and Daraweesh for their sustained co-operation and generous hospitality during over a decade of fieldwork. We would like to thank the field assistants at Gedaref malaria research station for their support. We are also grateful to the co-operation of the Malaria Administration and the Ministry of Health, Sudan. This paper is dedicated to the late Mr. Sheikh El-Din Mohamed Abd El-Gabir. A deep gratitue is due to him for his keen and meticulous contribution to the entomological work. We thank Professor David Walliker and Dr Ibrahim El Hassan for their help and support. This work was supported by the University of Khartoum, the Sudanese Ministry of Health, European Union, the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA (Grant No. 104 Dan. 8/357) and the Wellcome Trust (Grant No. 36758/Z/92/Z).

PY - 2002

Y1 - 2002

N2 - The ecology of Anopheles arabiensis and its relationship to malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in eastern Sudan. Seasonal malaria case incidence was compared with the number of vectors detected and with climatic variables. Following the end of the short rainy season in October the number of A. arabiensis detected dropped gradually until February when neither outdoor human bait trapping nor indoor spray catches revealed any mosquitoes. Vectors re-appeared in June as humidity rose with the onset of rain. Despite the apparent absence of the vector at the height of the long, hot dry season between February and May, sporadic asymptomatic malaria infections were detected in the two villages. The low endemicity of malaria in the area was reflected by the relatively low total September-December parasite and sporozoite rates (15 and 1.4%, respectively) measured in the villages. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated to be around two to three infective bites per person per year, although heterogeneity in the transmission indices of malaria between the two villages was observed. The implications of these patterns of anopheline population dynamics for the epidemiology and control of malaria in eastern Sudan are considered.

AB - The ecology of Anopheles arabiensis and its relationship to malaria transmission was investigated in two villages in eastern Sudan. Seasonal malaria case incidence was compared with the number of vectors detected and with climatic variables. Following the end of the short rainy season in October the number of A. arabiensis detected dropped gradually until February when neither outdoor human bait trapping nor indoor spray catches revealed any mosquitoes. Vectors re-appeared in June as humidity rose with the onset of rain. Despite the apparent absence of the vector at the height of the long, hot dry season between February and May, sporadic asymptomatic malaria infections were detected in the two villages. The low endemicity of malaria in the area was reflected by the relatively low total September-December parasite and sporozoite rates (15 and 1.4%, respectively) measured in the villages. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was estimated to be around two to three infective bites per person per year, although heterogeneity in the transmission indices of malaria between the two villages was observed. The implications of these patterns of anopheline population dynamics for the epidemiology and control of malaria in eastern Sudan are considered.

KW - Anopheles arabiensis

KW - Dry season

KW - Entomologic inoculation rate

KW - Plasmodium falciparum

KW - Sporozoite rate

KW - Unstable malaria

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JO - Acta Tropica

JF - Acta Tropica

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A marked seasonality of malaria transmsission in two rural sites in eastern Sudan

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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