U(-Th)–Pb age and petrogenesis of Shigar leucogranites, Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, North Pakistan

The Shigar valley of northern Pakistan is a well-known region for holding a variety of gemstones. As the gemstone-bearing rock, post-collisional leucogranites, and pegmatites in Shigar valley have been sporadically researched but the detailed and updated timing record along with the source rocks were not adequate. Here, we present comprehensive U(-Th)Pb ages, mineral, and whole-rock isotopic analyses to investigate the petrogenetic evolution of these granitoids. The zircon, xenotime, and monazite U(-Th)–Pb ages show crystallization of leucogranites that spanned as recent as ~7–3 Ma. The REEs with nearly smooth patterns and distinct negative Eu anomalies in all the leucogranites and pegmatites with contrasting negative Eu anomalies illustrate significantly plagioclase fractionation. These leucogranites and pegmatites have high SiO₂ content showing peraluminous geochemistry. Zircon Hf isotopic composition of leucogranites, pegmatites and gneisses have ε_Hf(t) values of −28.4 to +7.4, −24.0 to −16.5, and −13.2 to +1.8, respectively, which shows crustal origin along with the probable contamination from Kohistan-Ladakh Arc at depths. Furthermore, monazite Nd isotopic composition of leucogranites, pegmatites, and gneisses have ε_Nd(t) values of −22.9 to −9.5, −25.1 to −22.8, and −26.3 to −24.8, which seems purely from crustal source. The whole-rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic composition shows that leucogranites and gneisses have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) values of 0.71603 to 0.92518, ε_Nd(t) values of −22.2 to −2.7, and ε_Hf(t) values of −44.1 to −0.2, respectively, that also confines it to the metapelitic origin. Our results overall reveal that the leucogranites are produced mainly by the partial melting of Dassu felsic gneiss from the Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, showing signatures of the upper crustal rocks of the subducting Indian Plate and hybridized juvenile Asian crust. The input of heat for partial melting is likely to be derived either from the lithospheric mantle which followed the slab break-off or from shear heating along Main Karakoram Thrust. Furthermore, a leucogranite sample yielded a zircon U–Pb age of 84.9 Ma, and monazite U(-Th)–Pb age of 10.8 Ma. The in-situ zircon Hf and monazite Nd isotopes yielded ε_Hf(t) values of +3.6 to +10.7, and ε_Nd(t) values of +1.0 to +2.4, whereas the whole-rock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) value is 0.70522, ε_Nd(t) is +1.1, and ε_Hf(t) is +4.8, respectively, which confirms it to be sourced from the nearby Kohistan-Ladakh Arc.