Prospective analysis of factors associated with perinatal depression

Background: Perinatal depression is a significant public health problem that has adverse effects on both mothers and infants. Little research has been conducted on how depressive symptoms change throughout the perinatal period, especially in the Middle East. This study examines changes in depressive symptoms from pregnancy to the postnatal period, and what explains these changes. Methods: This prospective study recruited 306 Omani women in the third trimester of pregnancy and followed them up two to eight weeks after delivery. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), with a cut-off of ≥12, was used to assess depressive symptoms in both the antenatal and postnatal periods. Independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's honestly significant difference test and Chi-square tests were used to analyse the data. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 27.12 % (n = 83) during late pregnancy and 29.30 % (n = 81) during the postnatal period. Four groups of women were identified based on the EPDS scores: 1) antenatal depression group (8.82 %; n = 27); 2) ante- and postnatal depression group (14.38 %; n = 44); 3) postnatal depression group (12.09 %; n = 37); and 4) non-depression group (54.90 %; n = 168). Depressive symptoms were associated with low birth weight babies (d = 0.50), which confirms the negative effects of depression on perinatal health outcomes. When compared to the non-depression group, the three depressed groups had higher antenatal Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) scores (ds > 0.52), while the non-depression group had higher antenatal and postnatal Maternity Social Support Scale (MSSS) scores (ds > 0.63), and better relationships with the mother-in-law antenatally (d= 0.57). Conclusion: The present study of this Middle Eastern cohort shows that there were distinct groups of women experiencing perinatal depressive symptoms, influenced by various psychosocial and obstetric factors, which were comparable to those identified in more regularly studied populations. However, this study also identified other novel factors, such as the quality of family relationships. There is a need for additional research into the factors associated with these groups in order to develop appropriate interventions.