Multi-dimensional approach for an environmental health assessment of a deltaic mangrove ecosystem, Sundarbans

Background: The largest contiguous tract of tidal halophytic mangroves in Bangladesh is about 10,000 km². It has a wide range of physiochemical and nutritional qualities, as well as ecological health. Methods: To understand the hazardous and heavy metal concentrations, ten heavy metals concentrations were examined in both water and sediment. Indices for pollution and contamination, such as Modified Hazard Quotient (mHQ), Degree of Contamination (C_d), Geo-Accumulation Index (I_geo), Mean Effect Range Median Quotient (M-ERM-Q), Nemerow's Pollution Index (NPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) give a more accurate diagnostic result for water and sediment in the Sundarbans mangroves. The Water Quality Index (WQI) and Mangrove Quality Index (MQI) are also evaluated for a final statement. Results: The nutrient concentrations average of NO₃, PO₄, NH₃, and SiO₂ are found 0.59 ± 0.05, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.23 ± 0.02 and 1.72 ± 0.17 (mg/L), respectively in water. Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn have average concentrations of 19.1 ± 1.62, 1.1 ± 0.11, 0.48 ± 0.04, 1.19 ± 0.11, 83.27 ± 8.3, 35.45 ± 2.95, 282.73 ± 30.82, 33.85 ± 2.95, 6.09 ± 0.54, and 172.18 ± 17.15 (µg/L) in surface water and 19.57 ± 1.25, 0.16 ± 0.005, 0.026 ± 0.0009, 1.48 ± 0.08, 36.38 ± 4.31, 456.66 ± 76.76, 42.36 ± 2.57, 53.81 ± 1.93, 20.67 ± 1.24, and 43.60 ± 6.09 (mg/kg) for sediments. According to the heavy metals analysis indices, we discovered very little contamination. The WQI indicates that the water quality in the Sundarbans Mangroves is generally protected but occasionally deteriorates. The MQI categorizes the Sundarbans as a moderate mangrove, falling into category 3. Conclusions: Despite being controlled the heavy metal pollution is getting worse as the Mongla port's economy grows. A more seasonal and in-depth approach to this topic can be achieved by collecting more samples over a year. The deltaic Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem is currently in moderate to an acceptable condition, with low or non-significant pollution levels and fair water quality, according to this study, except for certain constraints.