Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles with Albizia gum for degradation of Congo red and 4-nitrophenol dyes

A microwave technique was used to prepare palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) from albizia gum (AG). A major advantage of this method is its rapidity, low cost, and no toxic chemicals. UV–Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, powder XRD, and TEM were employed to characterize the synthesized AG@PdNPs. The XRD spectrum confirmed a face-centred cubic structure for PdNPs. A spherical shape and 12–14 nm diameter were observed in TEM images of AG@PdNPs. AG@PdNPs effectively degraded Congo red (CR) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) dyes in the presence of NaBH₄. These reduction processes were explored using a pseudo-first-order kinetic analysis. The impact of temperature and dosage of catalyst on the degradation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol was examined. In addition to other thermodynamic properties like activation enthalpy and entropy, the activation energy was estimated. The recyclability of AG@PdNPs was also assessed. AG@PdNPs have a high potential as an environmental catalyst for water remediation.