تفاصيل المشروع
Description
Biodiesel is a substitute to petroleum-based diesel, mainly because of its environmentally
friendly nature, and is a renewable resource. Biodiesel is defined as monoalkyl esters of long
chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock, such as vegetable oil or animal
fat, for use in diesel engines (Figure 1). More specifically, biodiesel is defined as an
oxygenated, sulfur-free, biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly alternative diesel oil. It is
typically produced by a catalyzed trans-esterification reaction in which vegetable oil or
animal fat reacts with an alcohol and alkali. As an alternative fuel, biodiesel can be used in
the neat-form or mixed with petroleum-based diesel. No engine modifications are required,
and the result is a less-expensive, renewable, clean-burning fuel. It is designated as B100,
and it must meet the special requirements such as the ASTM and the European standards.
For these to be considered as viable transportation fuels, they must meet stringent
international quality standards. Biodiesel is made from a variety of natural oils such as
soybeans, rapeseeds, coconuts, and even recycled cooking oil. Rapeseed oil dominates the
growing biodiesel industry in Europe. In the United States, biodiesel is made from soybean
oil because more soybean oil is produced in the USA than all other sources of fats and oil
combined. We can also use vegetable oil in the diesel engines; however, the injection and
atomization characteristics of the vegetable oils are significantly different from those of
petroleum derived diesel fuels, mainly as the result of their high viscosities. Modern diesel
engines have fuel-injection system that is sensitive to viscosity change. One way to avoid
these problems is to reduce fuel viscosity of vegetable oil in order to improve its
performance. The conversion of vegetable oils into biodiesel is an effective way to overcome
all the problems associated with the vegetable oils. Dilution, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis,
and trans-esterification are the four techniques applied to solve the problems encountered
with the high fuel viscosity. Trans-esterification is the most common method and leads to
mono alkyl esters of vegetable oils and fats, now called biodiesel when used for fuel
purposes. The methyl ester produced by trans-esterification of vegetable oil has a high cetane
number, low viscosity and improved heating value compared to those of pure vegetable oil,
which results in shorter ignition delay and longer combustion duration, and hence low
particulate emissions. Biodiesel is also a product of great interest for its environmental
characteristics. It has the advantages of dramatically reduced sulfate and hydrocarbon
emissions and reduces particulate matter. It runs a diesel engine just as petroleum-based
diesel would.
الحالة | منتهي |
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تاريخ البدء/النهاية الساري | ٥/١/٢١ → ١٢/٣١/٢٢ |
بصمة
استكشف موضوعات البحث التي تناولها هذا المشروع. يتم إنشاء هذه الملصقات بناءً على الجوائز/المنح الأساسية. فهما يشكلان معًا بصمة فريدة.