Evolution of Seismic Fragility Curves (SFC): Configuration and Application for Underground Infrastructure Projects Subjected to Earthquake Hazard

In the northwestern Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir, earthquakes of moderate to large magnitude were common. The development of infrastructure projects in this region has accelerated over the last two decades. Earthquake-resistant structural elements of any development project are extremely difficult to design, especially in seismically active areas. The seismic fragility curves for various tunnels located in three phases of the Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) Project were developed in this paper. According to the findings of this study, the majority of the tunnels in Phase 1 of this project are subject to extensive damage. Active tectonic sources in the near field, weathered rock conditions, high seismicity, and landslide vulnerability all contributed to portal damage and significant lining failure at such sites. This research will aid design engineers in their advocacy for earthquake-resistant tunnels and underground facilities in Jammu and Kashmir. It will pave the way for the design of earthquake-resistant infrastructure projects in the Himalayas.